Digital Fortress Chapter 28

Senor Roldan was sitting behind his desk at Escortes Belen congratulating himself for deftly sidestepping the Guardia's newest pathetic attempt to trap him. Having an officer fake a German accent and request a girl for the night-it was entrapment; what would they think of next? The phone on his desk buzzed loudly. Senor Roldan scooped up the receiver with a confident flair. â€Å"Buenas noches, Escortes Belen.† â€Å"Buenas noches,† a man's voice said in lightning-fast Spanish. He sounded nasal, like he had a slight cold. â€Å"Is this a hotel?† â€Å"No, sir. What number are you dialing?† Senor Roldan was not going to fall for any more tricks this evening. â€Å"34-62-10,† the voice said. Roldan frowned. The voice sounded vaguely familiar. He tried to place the accent-Burgos, maybe? â€Å"You've dialed the correct number,† Roldan offered cautiously, â€Å"but this is an escort service.† There was a pause on the line. â€Å"Oh†¦ I see. I'm sorry. Somebody wrote down this number; I thought it was a hotel. I'm visiting here, from Burgos. My apologies for disturbing you. Good nigh-â€Å" â€Å"Espere! Wait!† Senor Roldan couldn't help himself; he was a salesman at heart. Was this a referral? A new client from up north? He wasn't going to let a little paranoia blow a potential sale. â€Å"My friend,† Roldan gushed into the phone. â€Å"I thought I recognized a bit of a Burgos accent on you. I myself am from Valencia. What brings you to Seville?† â€Å"I sell jewelry. Majorica pearls.† â€Å"Majoricas, reeaally! You must travel quite a bit.† The voice coughed sickly. â€Å"Well, yes, I do.† â€Å"In Seville on business?† Roldan pressed. There was no way in hell this guy was Guardia; he was a customer with a capital C. â€Å"Let me guess-a friend gave you our number? He told you to give us a call. Am I right?† The voice was obviously embarrassed. â€Å"Well, no, actually, it's nothing like that.† â€Å"Don't be shy, senor. We are an escort service, nothing to be ashamed of. Lovely girls, dinner dates, that is all. Who gave you our number? Perhaps he is a regular. I can give you a special rate.† The voice became flustered. â€Å"Ah†¦ nobody actually gave me this number. I found it with a passport. I'm trying to find the owner.† Roldan's heart sank. This man was not a customer after all. â€Å"You found the number, you say?† â€Å"Yes, I found a man's passport in the park today. Your number was on a scrap of paper inside. I thought perhaps it was the man's hotel; I was hoping to return his passport to him. My mistake. I'll just drop it off at a police station on my way out of-â€Å" â€Å"Perdon,† Roldan interrupted nervously. â€Å"Might I suggest a better idea?† Roldan prided himself on discretion, and visits to the Guardia had a way of making his customers ex-customers. â€Å"Consider this,† he offered. â€Å"Because the man with the passport had our number, he is most likely a client here. Perhaps I could save you a trip to the police.† The voice hesitated. â€Å"I don't know. I should probably just-â€Å" â€Å"Do not be too hasty, my friend. I'm ashamed to admit that the police here in Seville are not always as efficient as the police up north. It could be days before this man's passport is returned to him. If you tell me his name, I could see that he gets his passport immediately.† â€Å"Yes, well†¦ I suppose there's no harm†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Some paper rustled, and the voice returned. â€Å"It's a German name. I can't quite pronounce it†¦ Gusta†¦ Gustafson?† Roldan didn't recognize the name, but he had clients from all over the world. They never left their real names. â€Å"What does he look like-in his photo? Perhaps I will recognize him.† â€Å"Well†¦Ã¢â‚¬  the voice said. â€Å"His face is very, very fat.† Roldan immediately knew. He remembered the obese face well. It was the man with Rocio. It was odd, he thought, to have two calls about the German in one night. â€Å"Mr. Gustafson?† Roldan forced a chuckle. â€Å"Of course! I know him well. If you bring me his passport, I'll see he gets it.† â€Å"I'm downtown without a car,† the voice interrupted. â€Å"Maybe you could come to me?† â€Å"Actually,† Roldan hedged, â€Å"I can't leave the phone. But it's really not that far if you-â€Å" â€Å"I'm sorry, it's late to be out wandering about. There's a Guardia precinct nearby. I'll drop it there, and when you see Mr. Gustafson, you can tell him where it is.† â€Å"No, wait!† Roldan cried. â€Å"The police really needn't be involved. You said you're downtown, right? Do you know the Alfonso XIII Hotel? It's one of the city's finest.† â€Å"Yes,† the voice said. â€Å"I know the Alfonso XIII. It's nearby.† â€Å"Wonderful! Mr. Gustafson is a guest there tonight. He's probably there now.† The voice hesitated. â€Å"I see. Well, then†¦ I suppose it would be no trouble.† â€Å"Superb! He's having dinner with one of our escorts in the hotel restaurant.† Roldan knew they were probably in bed by now, but he needed to be careful not to offend the caller's refined sensibilities. â€Å"Just leave the passport with the concierge, his name is Manuel. Tell him I sent you. Ask him to give it to Rocio. Rocio is Mr. Gustafson's date for the evening. She will see that the passport is returned. You might slip your name and address inside-perhaps Mr. Gustafson will send you a little thank you.† â€Å"A fine idea. The Alfonso XIII. Very well, I'll take it over right now. Thank you for your help.† David Becker hung up the phone. â€Å"Alfonso XIII.† He chuckled. â€Å"Just have to know how to ask.† Moments later a silent figure followed Becker up Calle Deliciasinto the softly settling Andalusian night.

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Leadership in ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Leadership in ethics - Essay Example The only area where ethics and research goes well is in areas where the people involved are professional and consequently have an obligation while carrying out their activities. This change in genes is known as gene-environment contact and is very critical in leadership determination. There are areas where ethics may go wrong or fail to present the results previously expected in a research and the researchers are forced to lie. One of these areas is in the field of science. The field is quite challenging and this is because of the many processes involved. When these scientists find out that they do not have the ability to go through all the processes they end up presenting fraud information that is a non-ethical activity. The corruption is an identification of a genotype that does not have leadership traits (Neve, 2013). Another area where the ethics may fail in research is in the field of catering. Catering is critical in every society and consequently people get to live better lives. Ethics fails in this environment and this is because some people fail to treat their customers in a noble

Depression Article Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Depression Review - Article Example This study wanted to provide the relationship between functional social support (FSS) and psychological capital (PC), with anxiety and stress symptoms among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). The study says that it is very beneficial to employ PLWHA since through employment they get salary and wages that they use to improve the quality of their life, they become happier and they can go to hospital to be treated whenever they feel sick. For those who are not employed and are living with HIV/AIDS, they cannot have a quality life, they cannot be happy and they lack the money to use for treatment whenever they are sick. Even though benefits that are gained from the employment of PLWHA, there a lot of unemployment cases in the world. The main reason for this is psychological distress, mental, physical and other factors of social life and population (Liu et al., 326). When we talk of spiritual capital (PC), we just mean such things like efficacy, believing in a positive future and resilience that are beneficial in praising the performance of workers and congratulating them. We also considering whether or not they are getting satisfied at their place of work. In this article, the researcher conducted a cross-section survey in Liaoning Province which has a population of 43 million people between the month of December in the year 2010 and the month of April in the year 2011. In this sample, there were 360 persons living with HIV/AIDS and were fully employed, between 18 and 16 years of age. The two strategies that could help in gathering data were giving out questionnaires to the sample and the application of informed consent. After distributing out the questionnaire, 320 were fully filled, and they were analyzed and later results were released. In the process of conducting analysis, those concepts and methods that were used are Pearson’s correlation,

LGBT Rights - Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender Social Movement Essay

LGBT Rights - Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender Social Movement - Essay Example formation two years ago, it has faced many challenges in the advocacy of the rights of Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals and transgender in various Universities in the country. The idea of forming the movement was not to increase the number of LGBT, but to advocate for their acceptance and behavior change. Sigmond Freud, a renowned psychologist has argued that LGBT relates to sexuality and psychological acquisitions in the process of a person’s development. According to the medical psychologist’, lesbianism and homosexuality depends on feminism and masculinity aspects that depicts gender. As a result, women with masculine characteristics will tend to prefer male roles in relationships. They as a result search for females over whom they can play the masculine gendered behavior. Similarly, homosexuality is a manifestation of feminism in males where a male with feminist features attracts other masculine males leading to gays (West, p. 202) Bisexual is a sexual orientation that that may not be easy to tell since these people are also heterosexuals, they may be married to the opposite sex but still practice these kind of behavior hence the confusion (West, p. 203) Transgender is on the other hand a practice that we is common in daily lives. It is believed to have originated from China during the wars of 15th century where strong women could dress as men while weak men like women (West 203, 204) LGBT community has not been able to enjoy as much rights in the Universities like other students. Members have for instance been segregated against and many of them expelled from various Universities when the behavior is observed. Similarly, these students has never been accepted by their peers in college environments. They are always looked down upon in terms of students’ representations in the students unions. The level of discrimination against LGBT students has sometimes unfair treatments in which the community have at times been denied access to accommodation on grounds of

Doesn't matter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Doesn't matter - Essay Example The two party system limits more party entrances and thus limits flexibility on the part of the decision making process. However, based on public policy, the system promotes transparency with regard to use of public resources where both parties are accountable. In consideration of the various stakeholders in the policy process, the system though limited in representation is able to diffuse resources effectively without external interference. Democracy is essential since the voters have been empowered to choose whoever they want and thus the governance represents what the voters chose. To some extent, the growth and influence of the independent voter is constructive because it represents the type of governor they want. If good, then the voter has played a good role in being informed and choosing a good leader which is constructive to govern. However, the growth of the independent voter might have been out of coercion or incentive which may influence the decision making and eventually poor leadership. This translates to bad policy process where resources may be utilized by the few elite. Growth and influence of private corporations are a challenge to governance in that it has raised interest groups as a form of government. As a result it has led to corruption, mismanagement and collusion of regulation and enforcement. Apart from that the interest groups may have led to proper representations and thus good policy for the public interests. The influence of lobbyists is constructive to govern and may still pose a threat. Lobby groups such as AARP and NRAhave been known to raise chaos and eliminate people from office or being voted in. They are also responsible for equitable distribution of resources to the marginalized regions thus promoting good governance and better policy for the public good. They have promoted problem identification, intervention strategies, implementation and evaluation with regard to

Mitigation Strategies and Solutions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Mitigation Strategies and Solutions - Essay Example Kemp (2004) estimates that the earth’s surface temperature have increased by 0.3Â °c-0.6Â °c since 1900. The years 1995-2006 ranked amongst eleven of the twelve warmest years on record since climatic records began in 1850. The IPCC also estimates that by 2020, the earth’s temperatures will have risen by a further 0.2Â °c. Natural Causes/Contributions of Global Warming Earth’s Orbital Variation The Milankovitch Theory of climate change predicts that the Earth’s orbit around the sun is not a perfect circle but an ellipse, which makes the earth closer to the sun at certain periods. This currently occurs in January, making northern hemisphere winters slightly milder than previous winters. With greater eccentricity the length of the Earth’s seasons varies, which can lead to the build up of ice sheets when there are cooler summers. Sun Spot Activity The sun is now believed to be its most active for 300 years (Kemp, 2004). In the past 120 years, 0.5Â ° c rise in global temperatures occurred before 1940, which is earlier than the biggest rise in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions released by humans. Further evidence comes from tree ring data in which 17 out of 19 of the warmest spells in the past 10,000 years coincided with peaks in solar activity (Goudie, 2000). Ocean Circulation Changes The Earth’s oceans cover around 70% of the Earth’s surface and absorb twice the amount of sun’s radiation as the atmosphere of the land surface (Jackson and Jackson, 1996). With their huge heat capacity, and means to move vast quantities of heat across the planet, they have a major effect on the earth’s temperatures, e.g. during an El Nino cycle, the west coast of South America experiences higher temperatures with greater rainfall due to the transportation of warm waters from the South Pacific replacing the usual up-welling of nutrient rich cooler waters (Thomas and Goudie, 2000). The North Atlantic Jet and Gulf Stream also has a major affect on the earth’s surface temperatures in North Europe, which transports warm heat from the Caribbean up to high latitudinal regions making temperatures artificially high for their latitudinal position. Human Causes/Contributions of Global Warming Burning of Fossil Fuels The burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas releases anthropogenic emissions of GHG’s, such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and halocarbons. These gases absorb some of the infrared radiation emitted by the Earth which would otherwise escape back into space. This creates the enhanced greenhouse effect, in which increased CO? levels (280ppm from pre industrial levels to 379pmm by 2005) have warmed global temperatures by around 0.5Â °c over the past century (IPCC, 2007) Deforestation The world’s forests have decreased by around 38% over the past century (Jackson and Jackson, 1996). This has led to increased levels of CO? in the earth’s atmosphere because there are not enough trees to absorb the additional carbon rates caused by increased human activity. Increased agriculture and livestock such as cows release significant amounts of methane, which contribute towards global warming. Levels of methane have doubled since pre-industrial times to 1.765 ppmv (Kemp, 2004). CFC’s CFC’s and other halocarbons released from refrigerators, insulating foams, aerosol spray cans and industrial plants all destroy the stratospheric ozone, and are a significant cause of global warming due to their higher concentration levels of greenhouse gases (Goudie, 2000). Positive and Negative

CourseWork 2hii Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

CourseWork 2hii - Essay Example It is described at different occasions to be an expression of integration of history and experiences of the past, which led to a unified meaning of its political existence. It is also defined as the set of rules put down to the public, legally distributing the power laid to them, which is acceptable to the people belonging to different organizations of the government1. Hence it is a flexible unified set of ruling principles of the British Constitution that can easily be amended so as to meet the political and legal requirements. The rule of law is one of the main principles operating the British Constitution. One of the simplest definitions given to the rule of law is the sovereignty or supremacy of law over man. With that said, Parliament sovereignty too, is not compromised at any cost, which is also one of the fundamental principles of the British Constitution with the rule of law. Human rights are a crucial aspect in accordance with which the parliament and judges amend their rule s making sure there are no compromises made, thus, the human Rights Act 1998 plays a fundamental role in the functioning of courts. However, the main object and definition of the rule of law in a wider sense also includes the upholding of basic human rights and values that are associated with justice and fairness towards its people. The preeminent function of the courts is to uphold the rule of law and human rights together. Generally, it was the parliamentary sovereignty that had been deemed the ultimate ruling principle of the British Constitution, which has recently been challenged due to the preceding constitutional changes brought about. Mainly because of the reason that Britain has an unwritten constitution, it can evolve, molding itself to the changes that take place over time in the political and legal circumstances.2 We will have to discuss the mechanism that endorses the rule of law in order to see how the constitution is based upon Human Rights Act 1998. 15 The 98 Act had magnified and enhanced the rule of law’s constitutional role since it had increased the courts ability to further scrutinize, question and reform the parliament’s legislative powers. It ensured that the rights mentioned in the 98 Act are not violated, while at the same time, the courts are bound to interpret legislation, as far as possible, to be compatible with the rules set out by the European Convention on Human Rights 1950, hereafter referred to as ECHR. This is a treaty contracted by the U.K when it became a member of the council of Europe. The rules of the 98 Act uphold the courts compliance with the rights of people as the main legislative principle in the English law and the legal system.3 Domestic courts have supported the substantive rule of law by understanding their powers under the 98 Act, making their legislation compatible with the ECHR. Declaring a directive to be incompatible with the ECHR signals that a right has been violated which is then directed to the European Court of Human Rights setup in Strasbourg. The treaty signed by the U.K, and being a member of the European council, binds them to initially follow the rules of the 98 Act and then to make a compatible legislation reconcilable with the legislation and rules of the ECHR.

Econ308 Final paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Econ308 Final paper - Essay Example n not only were the methodological analytic methods altered, but what was analyzed shifted from a concern with examination of the holistic system, as evidenced in theories of production, labor theory of value, and capitalist accumulation, to theories that were primarily concerned with the rational choices of individuals. While neoclassical economic theorists presented their theoretical models as a progression on the deficiencies of the classical model, the extent to which the neoclassical model is a progression on the flawed classical model is debatable. Although there are clear methodological differences dividing the classical and neoclassical approaches, a convincing argument could be made that the neoclassical model merely abandons the concerns of classical economics for an approach more suited to quantitative analytics. In investigating the extent that neoclassical economics can be deemed a progression on the classical model, this essay examines the trajectory of the classical and the neoclassical economic models, considers the extent to which their theoretical concerns overlap, and finally investigates the extent to which the neoclassical model can be termed a true progression on the classical model, or if the two model constitute separate approaches. There are a number of differences and similarities in the issues that classical and neoclassical economics address. Researchers locate the major distinguishing factors in the area of methodology, value theory, and economic analysis. In classical economics economists ask a number of central questions; these issues include the nature of economic growth, and how is wealth distributed between the forms of wages, rent and profit. In investigator these concerns classical economists approach the issues from a social science perspective. They emphasized how goods are accumulated and how surplus accumulation is implemented; as a result classical economists from Adam Smith to Karl Marx were primary concerned with the

Planning for the Chevy Volt Essay Example for Free

Planning for the Chevy Volt Essay What Does the Chevy Volt Case Tell about the Nature of Strategic Decision-making at a Large Complex Organization like General Motors? Chevy Volt issues show how strategic decision-making at the leading complex company, for example, General Motors can be hard and exceptionally challenging. This is because they need more time to make sure that you have convinced other stakeholders to support the ideas for new work strategies (Holstein, 2009). In the case it showed that General Motors’ vice chairman and the head of RDD had agreed to make this in 2003, though other managers let them down; but later, in 2007, other managers joined their hands for Chevy Volt project’s success. The strategy is based on the assumption of reducing the emission of carbon and urges the citizens to avoid the produce of carbon in the environment (Holstein, 2009). The External Environmental Trends That Favored the Pursuit of Chevy Volt Project The external environmental trends that favored the Chevy Volt Project are lowering the oil prices. Introduction of lithium-ion sports cars by Tesla Motors in the market, concern for global warming issues which can end up to the tighter laws put in place to control the emission of carbon, falling costs for manufacturing batteries made of lithium-ion and selling of Toyota hybrid Prius indicated that clients demanded for vehicles that use fuel but do not produce carbon that affects the environment, causing environmental degradation ((Holstein, 2009). Impediments of Pursuing Chevy Volt Project Which Existed Within General Motors The factors that prevented the outcome of this project within General Motors are the finance and lack of enough support, needed towards the project, being afraid of failing once more at producing the non-working electrical vehicles and the issue in acquiring new technology to manufacture more lithium-ion battery. Finally, the total cost to promote the project was extremely high. The lack of agreement between General Motors’ managers for having different opinions hence ending up disagreeing. Chevy Volt Planning Seems To Be Based On The Assumptions Of Oil Prices Going Up, While In Late 2008, The Oil Prices Reduced And Even Weakened International Economic. The Nature of Strategic Planning The idea was mainly based on the existing trends and the market situation at that particular time. The strategic plan should focus on the present and future. Good company planning should be realistic and easy to carry out, specific and easy to track the outcome against the plan. Before making a decision, a good planning mechanism should be put in place to avoid future interruption ((Holstein, 2009). Strategic Planning Should Be Based On the Present and the Future The falling of oil prices means potential success of Chevy Volt. Specialists believe that the oil prices will remain high because supply of the commodity in the market is low, while the economy tries to recovers, the plea of the product rises and hence the return of a gallon gasoline. Will The Oil Prices Remain Low As Claimed By The Experts? No. Experts believe that the oil prices will remain high as the world economy grows. What will it take for the Chevy Volt to Be Successful? In order for the Chevy Volt to be successful, there should be introduction of new models and designs of vehicles that are being sold in the market and their ranking in the market and rise in fuel and production of competitive vehicles in the field of vehicle manufacture as compared to other companies producing the same product. It is necessary to make sure of proper marketing of its product through advance advertising of General Motors’ products in the best TV movies and even through celebrity shows to continue marketing of the new products. Proper advertising is done to the General Motors’ products, through appearing in hit movies, music videos, TV shows and other media (Gavarone, 2011). The choice of effective method of distribution depends on the market demand. The Analysis of How Risky Is It to Invest or Venture In General Motors When the new commodity does not sell in the market as expected or flops. Chevy Volt launching tends to be more expensive as it requires more finance and for General Motors to enjoy the benefits or return it will take several years. It can lead to disappointment because less return produced by the company at the selling time (Gavarone, 2011). The Costs of Failure of General Motors Decline in sales may be a result of recession in demand as compared to the previous years and hence losing clients to other companies. It may lead to the closure of General Motors due to poor management and production of new products in the market which could not be sold hence ending up in large loses (Gavarone, 2011). It failed as the company was unable to produce enough sales because of high prices and ignoring state’s rules and regulations. It may lead to the loss of more customers to other companies doing the same project becoming more successful. The Costs of Not Pursuing the Chevy Volt Project General Motors will fail if new brand of the car is the same with the one they have replaced. The cost of failure will be unusually high. This is due to the new product’s flop in the market and losses incurred during selling the new product that fails in the market (Gavarone, 2011). References Gavarone, G. (2011). Integrated marketing communications plan for the Chevrolet Volt. St.Bonaventure, N.Y: Jandoli School of Journalism and Mass Communication, St.Bonaventure University. Holstein, W. J. (2009). Why GM matters: Inside the race to transform an American icon. NewYork: Walker.

Iraq War: Aftermath of US Withdrawal

Iraq War: Aftermath of US Withdrawal IRAQI SPAT HOOD IN POST AGGRESSION ENVIRONMENT INTRODUCTION The ancient civilization Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq (Al Jumhuriyah-Al-Iraqia in Arabic), is a country in south-western Asia. This great civilization had been humiliated and devastated by the invasion of many, and recently the United States-led coalition forces. The Second Gulf War popularly known as â€Å"The Iraq War† took place from 20 March to 08 April 2003. The war itself may be regarded as a sequel to the First Gulf War fought in 1991. Americans named the war â€Å"Operation Iraqi Freedom, (OIF)†. Military action led by the United States against the regime of Saddam Hussein, the authoritarian leader of Iraq. Announcing the beginning of the war, United States President George W Bush explained that the goals were to â€Å"Disarm Iraq to free its people.† Though President Bush declared on 01 May 2003 that the major combat operations in Iraq had been over, yet many would argue that the war in Iraq has not ended. It is more evident when the coalition f orces are engaged in fierce guerrillas who all are effectively applying the hit and run tactics and casualties on United States soldiers are on the rise. The Coalition Forces (CF) invaded Iraq in total defiance of international opinion. There had been a wide-ranging scepticism about the United States’s case for initiating this war. The coalition gained a military victory against a nation that had been suffering due to United Nation’s imposed sanctions for the last 12 years. The military outcome in Iraq War was never in doubt, yet any success seems widely premature for several reasons. Even in Iraq it is not at all clear at this point whether the sequel to warfare will be a smooth transition to a peaceful and democratic Iraq or a descent into civil war. This invention led to many desired and undesired outcomes. It is certain that the war in Iraq and the post-war situation have  wide ranging effects on the country’s future. After the national election, now it is the probable time for United States forces to withdraw. But still the Iraqi Army, National Guard and Police could not act very effectively. After the election now situation of Iraq has got a new dimension. Political and military events though are inseparable in war; this paper will highlight the pre war Iraq, future prospects and possibilities of Iraq after the departure of collation force. AIM The aim of this paper is to analyze the pre war situation of Iraq and the likely future conditions after withdrawal of United States forces. AN ACCOUNT OF PRE WAR IRAQ Social About 75 percent of the population of Iraq is Arab. Kurds, dwelling in the highlands of northern Iraq, constitute 15 to 20 percent of the population. Smaller groups include Turkmen’s, Jews, Armenians, and Assyrians. Arabic is the official language of Iraq and is spoken by the majority of the population. The Kurds speak Kurdish. Armenian and Assyrian are spoken in rural areas in the north and west. Iraq is a pilgrimage site for Shia Muslims. Muslims make up 96 percent of Iraq’s population. About 60 to 65 percent of the Muslims adhere to the Shia branch, and the rest adhere to the Sunni branch. The Shias live mostly in central and southern Iraq, and the Sunnis live principally in the north. Most of the Kurds are Sunnis. Several of the holy cities of the Shias, notably An Najaf and KarbalÄ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, are situated in Iraq. Economic The modern Iraqi economy has been largely based on petroleum. Most of the few large manufacturing industries have to do with oil. During Hussein’s rule the Iraqi economy was adversely affected by four major factors: the war with Iran during the 1980s, an international oil glut in the 1980s and 1990s, the economic sanctions imposed by the United Nations (UN) after the invasion of Kuwait in 1990, and the Persian Gulf War in 1991. The combined effect of all these factors was the destruction of Iraq’s basic infrastructure (roads, bridges, power grids, and the like) and the country’s financial bankruptcy. The UN sanctions created widespread unemployment, skyrocketing inflation, and severe shortages of previously imported commodities, including medicine, medical equipment, animal vaccines, farm machinery, electricity-generating equipment, and water purification supplies. As a result of these shortages and the damage done to water and sewage treatment systems during the war, the incidence of disease and malnutrition rose sharply. Political The leading political organization in Iraq under Saddam Hussein was the Arab Baath Socialist Party, which bases its policies on pan-Arab and socialist principles. Other political groups include the Iraqi Communist Party (ICP), the KurdistÄ n Democratic Party (KDP), The United Iraqi Alliance, the Patriotic Union of KurdistÄ n (PUK), and a few other Kurdish parties. The two most important Shia opposition parties are the Da‘wa Islamic Party and the Supreme Assembly of the Islamic Revolution in Iraq (SAIRI). Until Hussein’s overthrow, all these opposition parties were illegal outside the Kurdish autonomous region. Following the US invasion, another political group, the Iraqi National Congress led by Ahmad Chalabi, emerged as an important political force. The Baath Party remained a legal  and open party. However, the US administrator for Iraq banned some high-level Baath Party members from employment in the public sector. STRATEGY OF UNITED STATES AND COALITION AGGRESSION By early March 2003 it became clear that the administration of US president George W Bush was intent on military action against Iraq. The Bush administration asserted that Iraq possessed chemical weapons, had accelerated its program to make biological weapons, and was actively seeking materials to make nuclear weapons. The US administration feared that Hussein could provide weapons of mass destruction to terrorist groups for use against the United States. In subsequent speeches and reports President Bush and his administration made the case for preemptive military action to avoid such a potential threat. â€Å"If we wait for threats to fully materialize, we will have waited too long,† President Bush said in June 2002. To make the case for military action against Iraq in his January 2002 State of the Union speech in which he identified Iraq as a member of an â€Å"axis of evil† threatening global security.In his January 2003 State of the Union address, President Bush cited reports that Hussein had attempted to buy â€Å"significant quantities of uranium from Africa† as well as special aluminum tubes in order to produce nuclear weapons. Bush administration officials also asserted that the establishment of a new, democratic government in Iraq could pave the way for peace in the Middle East and the spread of democracy among Arab nations. The war began on 20 March. The invasion of Iraq, dubbed Operation Iraqi Freedom by the White House, was led by General Tommy Franks, then head of the US Central Command. The coalition force consisted of a U.S.  force that initially numbered about 200,000 personnel (eventually expanding  to 290,000), as well as about 50,000 British personnel, about 2,000 Australian troops, and about 200 Polish soldiers.The U.S. military made much greater use of precise, high-tech weaponry than in the Persian Gulf  War. In 2003 coalition force used satellite-guided bombs and advanced drones (unmanned aerial vehicles) for reconnaissance. In early April the US force, its supply lines secured, moved in on Baghdad. On 4 April 2003 Army forces seized Saddam International Airport, west of the city, and renamed it Baghdad International Airport. On 5 April a battalion from the 2nd Brigade of the 3rd Infantry Division drove through Baghdad in a raid. More than 1,000 Iraqis were reported killed during the operation, according to a US estimate. On 7 April 2003 the 2nd Brigade attacked into central Baghdad. The same day, US B-1 bombers dropped four 900-kg (2,000-lb) bombs on a building in western Baghdad where Hussein was believed to be hiding. Nevertheless, Hussein’s grip on power was gone. US Marines arrived in Baghdad on 9 April 2003 and helped Iraqi civilians tear down a massive statue of Saddam Hussein that towered over a major city square. Within a few days Marines captured Tikrit, a city north of Baghdad and Hussein’s ancestral home, with little struggle. President Bush declared an end to combat operations on 1 May 2003. Nevertheless, the guerrilla war against the coalition occupation continued till today. IRAQI RESISTANCE WAR Insurgents have killed at least 29 US and six British military personnel since the US President, George Bush, declared an End to combat operations in Iraq on May 1. The violence has been concentrated in Baghdad and the so-called Sunni triangle west and north of the capital, an area inhabited mainly by Saddam Husseins fellow Sunni Arabs, a minority in Iraq. Attacks under cover of crowds are less risky for the assailant. The  only defence against them is maintaining strict separation between coalition troops and the civilian population apparently one of the insurgents aims. The Iraqi resistance to US occupation is growing, as is its support among ordinary Iraqis. Iraqs interim government recently admitted that the insurgency involves at least 40,000 hardcore fighters and up to 200,000 active sympathizersa far cry from the isolated 5,000 Baathist remnants and foreign fighters the Pentagon initially claimed to be fighting. They are effectively using the hit and run tactics on the coalition force. GENERAL ELECTIONS At the beginning of 2005 after 50 years, 30 January 2005 general election took place. In this election Shia supported United Iraqi Alliances earn the majority and form the first democratic government. The Kurdish Leader Jalal Talebani elected as President and Shia leader Ibrahim Al Jaffrai nominated as Prime minister. After that the government fails to ensure the national unity. Ruther government ignites the conflict. In the proposed constitution government neglect the interest of Sunni Muslim. After a long debate 28 August 2005 government signed the draft constitution and arranges the general election on this constitution. In that election within the 18 provinces government won in 15 provinces and lost in resttree. With this result the Sunni could not change the constriction. The Shia –Sunni conflict increase in this volatile situation. International Opinions. US and British officials repeatedly warned Iraq’s political parties that in a democratic election there are winner and looser. Same time they hope that Iraqi leader set up a coalition government  to help the undermine Sunni support for the insurgency. Now to bring them in the same platform the government have to keep the interest of the Sunni. INTERNAL SITUATION Political Presently in Iraq Shia and Sunni conflict turn into a worst situation. At 21 February 2006 there was a big boom explosion in Shia mosque AL Aksari in Samara city. It starts the riot in Bagdad. In whole country at least 90 Sunni mosques was attacked by Sunnis. After this incident there is a possibility of civil war. The main political party of Sunni complains that at least 50 mosques in Bagdad city were attacked by Shia. Iraqi president Jalal Talebani asks all to face the situation together and stop the risk of civil war. A month after the general election, political parties are still waiting for results and are jockeying for position ahead of the start of serious bargaining on the make up of the country’s first full time government since the fall of Saddam Hussein. Initial indications showed that Iraq’s Shiite(A branch of Shia Muslim) majority come out on top in the 15 December’s vote but final results dew in the coming days, have been delayed by a probe into com plaints by Sunni backed and secular party of ballot rigging. Recently the Iraqi parties started negotiation on a national unity government after rebels launched concentred attack in western Iraq to coincide with the release of election result. The election were marked by voting along ethnic and sectarian lines with the shia religious based United Iraqi Alliance, which includes prime minister Ibrahim Jaafari’s DawaParty and Abdul Aziz Hakim’s Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq, winning 128 of parliament’s 275 states. Economic Following the US Iraq War of 2003, the US spent billions of dollars to revive Iraq’s oil industry. By March 2004 Iraq was producing about 2.5 million barrels of oil per day, nearly as much as it produced prior to the 2003 war. The US expenditures were also aimed at restoring and upgrading Iraq’s oil fields and refineries. Much of the work was contracted to U.S. and  other foreign oil companies, under the supervision of the US civil administrator. Social After the aggression of coalition force now Iraqi’s are facing the hard strike of poverty. A resent study by the United Nation Development Programme and international Monetary Fund shows that 20 percent of the population has followen below the international poverty line of one dollar par day par person. The member of the families registering for assistance  with the labor and social affairs ministry has more then tripled since the war to 171000 and even that according to the ministry â€Å"Drop in the ocean†. FUTURE TRENDS After the withdrawal of coalition force, the first to suffer will be the people of Iraq. Due to the Shia –Sunni conflict general mass will face human suffering. Each and every day the list of casualty getting longer and longer. Various terrorist / insurgence group are still active. Police force or security force is not well organized. After withdrawal of US forces the law and order situation will be in a feeble condition. Insurgency, political revenge and arms conflict between various political or religious groups will  increase. Police force or security force require time to organize, equipped and trained them. In this process various political parties came up and participated in general election. Rashid Khalidi, director of the Middle East Institute at  Columbia University said just before the election â€Å"They will have a Shia-dominated, Islamic-oriented government in Iraq. Now situation is not balance. Shia dominated party gets the clear majority in the election, could not make the situation stable. Conflict of Shia and Sunni heading towards a civil war. There may be situation the whole country will divided as per their ethics. Recently they started attacked on there religious centers. Standing on this crisis situation Iraqi president Jalal Talebani asks all to face the situation together and stop the risk of civil war. Recently the Iraqi political parties started negotiation on a national unity government after rebels launched concentred attack in western Iraq to  coincide with the release of election result. The election were marked by voting along ethnic and sectarian lines with the Shia religious based United Iraqi Alliance, which includes prime minister Ibrahim Jaafari’s Dawa Party. CONCLUSION   Iraq War has once again proved that there cannot be a military solution to a political problem. Though US Doctrine of Pre-emption has changed world security perspective, it also cautions that war against world opinion can be a disaster. More equipment-intensive future battlefield warrants modernization of the army. It has also proved that the most high–tech war also cannot be bloodless. Several thousands Iraqis were killed and wounded. Lately US loss is also quite significant. A good plan should  also encompass all aspects of war – from the battle itself to the rebuilding phase, where the Armed Forces will be a relevant player. The post conflict  scenario for the army is equally challenging against the insurgence and guerrilla group. The post-war situation in Iraq is frustrating. The political process for the smooth transition to democracy is in question. The reconstruction process is unbearably slow for the people of the war torn country. The on going high intensity of guerrilla war and aggressive counter insurgency operation are aggravating the sufferings of the people further. The peace and stability of Iraq and the region is highly uncertain. The war ravage Iraq is facing a total disorder. Reconstruction of Iraq is now the biggest challenge. The public service are to be restored, supply of food, medicine and other essential commodities are to be ensured. Sufferings of the mass people cannot be reducing at a time but a smooth  political situation will be the first priority to achieve social and economical establishment. RECOMMENDATIONS Political parties should have mutual trust between them. They should come to a same platform on the interest of their country. Soon they should form the coalition government and start reconstructions of war offended country. Various political parties should give the highest priority to their national interest keeping a side their UN ethical interest. They should take help of ether countries to develop their own security force. Government should take to solve the Insurgency problem. Bhatiary ,Chittagong IMTIAZ MAHMUD BIBLIOGRAPHY Books 1.Bruce W. Watson, Military Lessons of the Gulf War, (Lahore: Izharsons Printers, 1992). 2.J C Aggarwal, Golf Crisis : Pre War And post War Scenario,(INDIA : S Chand Company) 3. Robert F Helms,The Persian Gulf Crisis: Power in the post –Cold War World ( London: Wesport, Connecticut.) Journals / Magazines/ Newspaper 4.Daily Star: January, February 2006 5.Burger, Kim, Caught off guard? Jane’s Defence Weekly, October 01, 2003. 6.Elliott, Michael, So, What Went Wrong? Time Magazine, October 06, 2003. 7.Robinson, Simon, Baghdad Today; Progress, Inch by Inch, Time Magazine, October 06, 2003. 8.Ripley, Tim, Mean Streets, Jane’s Defence Weekly, October 15, 2003. Reports 9.Lt Gen T. Michael Moseley, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM-By the Numbers: (Assessment and Analysis Division, USCENTAF, 30 April 2003). Official Document 10.Army Headquarters Project Study Paper by 46 Independent Infantry Brigade, Iraq War A Review, Dhaka, 2003. Web Sites 11.www.bbc.com 12.www.army.com

Dispute Resolution in Cyberspace Essay -- Internet Communication Essay

Dispute Resolution in Cyberspace Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) methods have been in use since the early days of civilization.(1) In the middle ages, crimes were seen as acts of injury caused by one person against another. The parties were expected to reach an agreement that would restore both parties and the community to a state where all involved healed from injury.(2) As civilization has evolved, so has the types of conflicts and perspectives on conflict. The basic premise of conflict will always be the same: â€Å"an expressed struggle between at least two interdependent parties who perceive scarce resources, incompatible goals and interference from the other party in achieving their goals.(3) However, the ways in which parties can interact with each other has changed over the centuries. During the middle ages talking or writing about someone in your own village or country would not effect others thousands of miles away. Historically, conflicts are perpetuated by physical interactions, by people who know each other or who have at least seen each other. With the advent of Internet technology it is possible to effect the lives of hundreds of thousands of people in a matter of hours anywhere on the planet.(4) In cyberspace it is possible to have a conflict over something that does not even physically exist or that can be changed with a push of a button. Internet technology also changes the way communication and information management are used in dispute resolution. With the invention of the fax machine and e-mail it is now possible to instantaneously distribute large quantities of information to anyone, anywhere.(5) Since the invention of real time chat and electronic conferencing, it is no longer necessary to have bot... ...ing the Walk, 15 February 1997: www.voma.org/doc/mhwalk.html. Katsh, Ethan M., â€Å"Dispute Resolution in Cyberspace,† 28 Conn. L. Rev. 953 (1996) :1-4. www.umass.edu/legal/articles/connmain.html. Katsh, Ethan,â€Å"The Online Ombuds Office: Adapting Dispute Resolution to Cyberspace.† 1-10. www.law.vill.edu/ncair/disres/katsh.htm. Leibowitz, Wendy R.,â€Å"Lawyers and Technology: Let’s Settle this, Online,† The National Law Journal (July 5, 1999) : 1-3. Nagle Lechman, Barbara A.,Conflict and Resolution, New York: Aspen Law & Business, 1997. Perritt, Jr., Henry H., â€Å"Electronic Dispute Resolution,†paper delivered at the On-line Dispute Resolution, Washington, DC.22 May 1996:1-14. www.law.vill.edu/ncair/disres/PERRITT.HTM. Severson, Margaret M. and Tara V. Bankston, â€Å"Social Work and the Pursuit of Justice Through Mediation,† Social Work 40 no. 5 (1995) : 683-691.

The Iroquois Indian Nation Essay -- History Native American

Nothing is more fundamental yet so important to the freedoms we enjoy as Americans as the United States Constitution, which guarantee our right to do and say as we please so long as it does no harm to anyone. The Iroquois Nation preamble is placed on perfect peace for the welfare of the people. Their focus was fighting for the liberty of the people. Among the Indian nations whose ancient seats were within the limits of our republic, the Iroquois have long continued to occupy the conspicuous position. Nations they now set forth upon the canvas of the Indian history prominent as for the wisdom of their civil institution of the federations. Only the Iroquois had a system that seemed to meet most of the demands espoused by the many parties to the debates the Iroquois certainly have a considered the influence of the drafty of our own constitution, and we present day Americans owe them a debt of gratitude. The Iroquois is a tribe of the Eastern Woodland Indians. The Iroquois is one tribe that is separated into given nations. These nations are called Seneca, Cayuga, Onondags, Onedia, and Mohawk. In the eight-tenth century Tuscarora joined the Iroquois Nation making them the sixth member of the confederation. The name Iroquois has two possible origins. It is believed that it could be derived possibly from the phrase â€Å"hiro kone† which as used by the people of the first Nations known as the Haudenosaunee who are known commonly today as the Iroquois. The phrase was a combination of the words â€Å"hiro† and â€Å"kone†. â€Å"Hiro† meant â€Å"I have spoken† while â€Å"kone† meant either â€Å"in sorrow, in truth, or in joy†. To the French then it is supposed that it sounded like Iroquois instead of â€Å"hiro kone†. Another version goes that it derives fro... ...like any other Indian tribe in the United States of America. The culture and view of the members of this nation within a nation are broad, stemming from large tribal groups. The conditions are highly diverse, ranging from lush green valleys to snowy mountains. The combined effect of all these variables, in both environmental and tribes, contributed to the making of the Iroquois Nation. Works Cited http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/1520684/mohawk_indiansironworkersskyscrapers.html?cat=37 (1) http://2010.census.gov/news/ (2) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Citizenship_Act_of_1924 (3) http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/91-1833.ZO.html (4) http://www.iroquois.org/Index.aspx?ID (5) http://info.ihs.gov/Disparities.asp (6) http://www.catskillmtn.org/guide-magazine/articles/2007-08-a-cultured-life.html (7) http://www.iroquoismuseum.org/ (8)

Puritan Society Essay -- Religion

The modern use of the word puritan is commonly used to describe someone who may have hard line views on sex, discredits recreational activities, and continually tries to impose their beliefs on others they come into contact with. However the term "Puritan" in the sense of this was not coined until the 1560s, when it appeared as a term of abuse for those who found the Elizabethan Religious Settlement of inadequate (Henretta pg 98). Puritanism has had a historical importance over time and most general views must understand the way it changed character and emphasis almost decade by decade. Moreover the seventeenth-century Puritans contributed to our country's sense of mission, its work ethic, and its moral sensibility. Today, eight million Americans can trace their ancestry to the fifteen to twenty thousand Puritans who migrated to New England (Mintz, S. 2007). This is a significant slice of today’s population, so as you can already see these people had a huge impact on the Unite d States. There is more to the Puritans than just migrating and to better understand Puritanism one needs to learn about their history and where they came from. The designation "Puritan" is at many times not used correctly; in the past this word was used to characterize the Protestant group as extremists similar to the Cathari of France, which can also be traced back to 1564. In actuality Puritans were a grouping of English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries and were founded by some Marian exiles from shortly after the accession of Elizabeth I of England in 1559, as an activist movement within the Church of England. They were blocked from changing the system from within, but their views were taken by the emigration of congregations to the Netherlands... ...c reason. Puritans also believed heavily in education as we do today, not just as a way to better ourselves, but to better society as a whole. Works Cited Armstrong, Nancy, and Leonard Tennenhouse. The Imaginary Puritan: Literature, Intellectual Labor, and the Origins of Personal Life. Berkeley: U of California Press, 1992. Henretta, James A. and David Brody. America: A Concise History, Volume I: To 1877. 4th ed., Boston: Bedford/ St. Martin’s, 2010. Mintz, S. (2007). Digital History. Retrieved April 20, 2011 from http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu Susan Hardman Moore (1992). Review of Charles Lloyd Cohen 'God's Caress. The psychology of Puritan religious experience' The Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 43, pp 515-515

How Macbeth changes throughout the play Essay

Macbeth starts off as a very proud honourable man who is very loyal to the king. Macbeth must be trust worthy and looked up to as everyone is telling the king how well he has fought for Scotland, you can tell this by the captain saying ‘yes, as sparrows, eagles, or the hare, the lion. If I say sooth, I must report they were as cannons over charged with double cracks; so they doubled and redoubled strokes upon the foe. This means they put twice as many strokes on the enemy with his sword. Act1 scene3 is the first time we hear macbeth speak, his first words are the same as the witches words in act1 scene1 ‘so foul and fair day I have not seen’ As the witches speak he is slowly changing, I think he is thinking that it cant be true but he really wants it to. When Ross tells Macbeth he is thane of cawdor he cannot believe it, he is starting to believe the witches he tests Ross ‘the thane of candour lives. Why do you dress me in borrowed robes’Macbeth is starting to live that there is a chance the witches are correct. ‘If chance will have me king,why chance may crown me without stir’ In scene 5 Macbeth is home ,his first words are ‘Duncan comes here tonight’ This means that he hasw thought about the situation again and again I also he has thought about killing him.Ww start to see Macbeth weaken as he starts to think of the concequences.He is no longer the brave, furious man he has changed, he is now starting to think.Lady macbeth starts to call Macbeth names such as a coward and slowly seduces macbeth to changr his mind. ‘I have done the deed’ Macbeth says this is a voice of worry, regret and this suggest’s disbelief.He starts to question ‘did thoust not a noise’ he is looking for reasurance he is scared. This is not the Macbeth we know.He starts to question himself ‘To know my deed, twere best not know myself.He plays it very well asif he doesnt know what has happened.He slays the servants to make it look like it was not him. He is not man enough to kill banquo himself so he has murderers do it for him. In one speech he talks about him and banquo,he gives clear insructions to do it properly or else ill kill you. When Macbeth findsn out they did not suceed he is infuriated. Macbeth sees banquos ghost in his armchair and asked who put him there, his head is naked?He is hallucinating,Lady Macbeth tries to calm him down but she cant he is to scared, he is not man enough to face his problems. As a result of this experiance he decides to return to the witches. The first aparrition says ‘beware Mc Duff tahne of fife’Macbeth thinks but cant really make any sense of it.He gets anxious ‘had I three ears, I here thee’.He is feeling as high as a kite as none of woman born shall harm him he feels super, on top of the world, he knows he can be as ruthless as he pleases.He is even more careless now as cthe woods can never move so far. He is now so strong assured and confident it is almost unreal.Macbeth has McDuff’s family killed this shows how ruthless he is now. After a long break we next see him in act5.He finds out that the army are coming he asks for his armour, he tells them hel’l fight them all, he is extremeley confident.He finds out that the woods are coming closer and he is effected tremendously, at this time there is only one life line left.He finds out lady macberth is dead he takes a minute but is not that bothered, he’s concentrating on his battle ahead. He kills young siward and brags that he was woman born and he laughs at swords. Macbeth hears ‘turn hell hound turn’ ,at this time he’s thinking oh my god, he says none of woman born shall harm macbeth. McDuff says ‘McDuff was from his mothers womb untimeley ripped’ at this time macbeth realises that he is going to die.He refuses to fight but McDuff tells him he will be put on show in scotland so he rises and fights.At this point we see the old macbeth the strong, brave, lion hearted, heroic macbeth we have always known.McDuff kills macbeth , but I dont think macbeth would of wanted to die any other way as he was fighting. I think the witches told him one thing that meant something else but Macbeth was all braun and no brain.He changes in this play many times from good to bad to brave to loyal to deciving.He ends the play by dying in style.

Postmodern and Existential/Psychoanalytical curriculum theory Essay

The terms I had the most difficulty defining from the exercise were Postmodern and Existential/Psychoanalytical curriculum theory. I find that these theories assume a class body which I understand intellectually but have difficulty imagining. In Scenario 6 (AIU, 2006) about postmodernism where the teacher is discussing how technology furthers cultural elitism, this would require a very advanced class of students. It is an approach which would only really impact 11th and 12th graders who have studied history and understand cultural elitism. In addition, even if the students have studied the history, the material requires experience the students have only caught glimpses of. Certainly a discussion a little above the students comfort zone would lead to critical thinking, but it runs the risk of this vulnerable age using the belief that technology will somehow lead to oppression to stop them from seeing how it could lead to equalization of inequality. A postmodern approach would take a special teacher and a special set of students to be effective. The problem I had with the Existential/Psychoanalytical theory of Scenario 7 (AIU, 2006) is that it assumes that you as a teacher really know a student. What a teacher observes of their student may not be accurate, and it takes a dedicated teacher to take the necessary time to understand what direction a student should take their potential. Students have great potential for many diverse things from, for example, being great artists or activists or sports commentators. Teachers must examine their own biases to make sure that they are not encouraging one potential over another due to cultural, sexual or racial biases and perceptions. Similarities and differences among theories. Walker’s deliberative approach to curriculum development is similar to a postmodern approach. In both approaches it is assumed that curriculum is shaped by particular beliefs and values held by curriculum makers. For the deliberative approach these biases are mitigated by the makers open discussion of beliefs and values and attempt to come to neutral ground before designing the curriculum (Scenario 3). In postmodernism, the teacher allows the receivers of the curriculum to provide input on and conceptualize the effects of the curriculum before it is implemented (Scenario 6). The Existential/Psychoanalytical approach, Hilda Taba’s approach, Eisner’s approach and the Autobiographical/Biographical approach to curriculum development all share a central tenant that students are individuals. However, Existential/ Psychoanalytical theory optimistically focuses on nurturing who the student will be in the future (AIU, 2006, Scenario 7) while Taba’s needs assessment tends to focus on present deficiencies (AIU, 2006, Scenario 5). In contrast, the Autobiographical/Biographical theory focuses on how human differences in experience shape the developmental journey from the present to the future (AIU, 2006, Scenario 4). Eisner is more Autobiographical in theory but focuses on providing the right opportunity to learn rather than strict direction (AIU, 2006, Scenario 1).

Pudd’Nhead Wilson Theme

A persistent theme throughout Pudd’nhead Wilson is nature versus nature. This covers the social issues of identity and reputation in a broader sense than man versus man. Mark Twain does not lean towards one side more than the other, however. Racial distinctions are a major topic discussed in this story. This contributes to the other themes of honor and betrayal.. Mark Twain was able to discuss many complex themes in this story.I believe that one of the most persistent themes in Pudd’nhead Wilson is nature versus nature, rather than man versus man. This is because rather than focusing on how men interact with other men, Twain asks why they act a certain way. What determines a person’s identity? What do they inherit from their surrounding environments? Tension between nature and nurture is most clearly seen in the character of Tom Driscoll. Tom was raised as a rich, spoiled kid. He eventually grows to become a lazy, untrustworthy man.These characteristics were said to come from his inherited â€Å"slave† qualities, which shows how racial distinctions play a part in this theme. There is a beautiful, intelligent woman in Pudd’nhead Wilson named Roxy, who appears to be white. However, due to a tiny fraction of her blood being black, she is condemned to a life of slavery. But she is incredibly clever and could be very successful. The racial classification is seen through the switching of babies.Roxy’s baby is destined to a life of slavery; while her master’s son, Tom, is guaranteed fortune and luxury his whole life. Honor and betrayal is seen specifically when Tom gets himself into trouble with gambling debts. Roxy is willing to make a huge sacrifice for her son. She offered to forfeit her freedom and to be sold back into slavery in order to raise enough money to pay off Tom’s debt. Twain portrays Roxy as an honorable woman by emphasizing on how she- a slave- is willing to sacrifice for Tom- a fortunate, dishone st man.She asks two things of him by making this sacrifice: that she is sold up north and that he buys her back a year later. Tom expresses gratitude for his mother, but is quick to betray her. The theme of man versus man could not cover the complexity of the themes in Pudd’nhead Wilson. Nature versus nature is a major theme in the story. This includes racial distinctions and other social issues. Honor and betrayal is another theme revealed in Pudd’nhead Wilson. Twain did an excellent job at â€Å"weaving† all these themes together in this story.

Organization and Behavior Essay

1. Understand the Relationship between Organizational Culture and Structure 1.1. Compare and contrast three different organizational structures and cultures. The long term success and failure of every company depends on its structure – no matter how vague it may sound, structure of a company decides where the company will be in the near future. The three types of structures are: Functional structure – under this kind of structure, the company is divided into different groups, who are then assigned different tasks – like the accounts, the sales and admin, and the marketing departments. Divisional structure – this kind of structure is followed by companies with huge geographical area coverage. Each part of the area has a smaller division within the same umbrella group. Matrix structure – this is a combination of both the divisional and functional structures, and operates upon theories imported from these two structures. But, this structure is associated with ego clashes among the top positions, and power clashes. The different kinds of organizational cultures are as follows: Power culture: organizations following this kind of culture may be able to respond to crisis very quickly, but the problem is that the system is very centralized. This kind of culture relies heavily upon people rather than committees (Harris, 1994). Role culture – position is main criteria in the role culture. The organization is controlled by senior management at the top of the pyramid, and the system is also highly formalized. Task culture – this type of culture is practiced more often by organizations with a matrix structure. Main emphasis in this structure is given to completion of tasks. It strongly believes in the unified power of a team (Harris, 1994). 1.2. The relationship between an organization’s structure and culture There is a very strong relation between organizational structure and its culture, as only the perfect match of the two factors will lead to a good working environment in office. At TESCOS, as a store manger, it is  definitely a priority to look at the kind of attitude and behavior the employees are having, and how clean and suitable the culture is. If the structure of a company id hierarchical, with all the decisions being made at the top, the employees will have no or less freedom, and there will lack of autonomy at the lower level of the pyramid. On the other hand, if the power is divided between all the sections, the company culture will be lot more friendly, with the employees at all levels enjoying equal freedom (Parker, 2000). 1.3. Overview of four factors that can influence individual behavior at the Irish TESCOS Environment – more emphasis put on building a friendly and mutual environment in the workspace will ensure that team work and productivity of the company increases. Technology – the better the prevailing technology at the core of the company, the lesser the employees will have to work, and hence, better streamlined workflow and productivity can be ensured. Locus of control – employees who have an external locus of control will constantly criticize people, find faults, and also depend on others for their success. On the other hand, people with internal locus of control think that their own destiny is in their own hands. Customer Demand – though and external factor, but it is to be noted, that the more the demand, the more the sales, and greater the growth of the company (Parker, 2000). Task-2 2. Understand the Relationship between Organizational Culture and Structure 2.1. Compare three different leadership styles for three different business  organizations Leaders are different, and so are their leadership styles. Leaders are meant to motivate their team, and hence, leadership styles sculpt the outlook of the staffs. Here are the various leadership styles: Laissez Faire – in this kid of leadership style, the leaders allow a certain level of freedom is given to the staff, and trained directors are appointed to coordinate efficiently between the high level managers and the working staff (Antonakis et al, 2004). Autocratic style – under this style of leadership, the leaders keep an eye on the employees at all time, and face time is increased. There are a lot of arguments over this style of leadership, as there exists no or little freedom for the employees, and they sometimes find it extremely uncomfortable to work under these situations. But when practiced in a controlled manner, this style can be effective, especially under tight deadlines (Antonakis et al, 2004). Participative – This is a good balanced style, and a mix of both the autocratic and Laissez Faire styles. This gives a little bit of freedom to the employees, while the managers are still around supervising at all times. 2.2. How organizational theory underpins the practice of management for the Irish TESCOS In the Irish TESCOS scenario, organizational theory has a vital role to play. The authenticity and practicality of organizational theory has been questioned by many modern scholars, but the fact remains that these theories underpin and supports the stability of an organization. These theories, apart from helping the managers to find out the prevailing problems in the company, also help them to find the right method to deal with the problem, and ultimately solve it. There are a lot of these theories – they have been created in different  periods, with different economic and socio economic conditions – and the real art for managers’ lies in finding the best method out of these, and applying them in the present context. Some of these theories may seem to be obsolete these days in the age of ever changing technology, but it is to be understood that they form the base and foundation of companies across the world. 2.3. Evaluate four different approaches to management used by different organizations. The four different managerial approaches are as follows: Participative- Under this approach, the managers discusses and collaborates with his team managers about the decision making process. [pic] Bureaucratic- Bureaucratic is opposite to participative process, where the manager forces the team members to follow strict rules, and to obey a chain of commands (Tittemore, 2003). Autocratic – An autocratic manager is almost a ‘dictator’ who supervises his people at all steps and ensures job is done at the right time. Hands off approach- This is the friendliest approach of all, where the manager gives complete freedom to his men in all respects (Sapru, 2008). Task-3 3. Understand ways of using motivational theories in organizations 3.1. How different leadership styles impact employee motivation in periods of change Periods of change are often the periods when crisis happens. Hence, good leadership techniques are to be adopted by the leaders to protect the company from sudden jerks. Here are the most commonly practiced leadership  styles: Autocratic – managers following this style will never allow the team members to contribute towards the decision making process, and will try to establish huge confidence towards their own decisions. Democratic – totally opposite to autocratic style of leadership, when special attention is paid to what the team members think. The point of views of the employees is hence at least heard before making the final decision. Quiet – in this process of decision making highly trained employees are recruited by the manger, and then leaves day to day decision making to them, as he remains ‘quiet’. Transformational – as the name suggests, the manager practicing this method tries to encourage and motivate his team about the bright future of the company, and hence tries to extract more productive work from them (Robbins and Judge, 2008). 3.2. Identify the application of three different motivational theories within the workplace. Listed below are three different motivational theories: Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs – Maslow states that human needs can be graphically represented as a pyramid, and they move from the bottom to the top; as the needs at the bottom are satisfied, man focuses on the next need at the top. These needs range from love needs, social needs, to self actualization (Maccoby, 1998). Carrot Stick – this theory was coined by Bentham, and explains that human is motivated by either of the two forces – fear or incentives. Either he will work to fulfill his money, security and other material needs, or he will work due to pressure and fear. The motivation – hygiene theory – this theory was introduced by Herzberg in 1959, and stresses on the fact that employee satisfaction and dissatisfaction is caused by some ‘hygiene factors’ (Maccoby, 1998). 3.3. The usefulness of a motivation theory for managers at the TESCOS in Ireland. Companies like the TESCOS do rely on their employees for not only production, but also for proper distribution and even product quality control. But to get exceptional performances from them it is required for the managers to provide proper motivational incentives. Motivational theories can help the TESCOS managers to properly motivate their employees and provide them proper job roles for increased productivity. Organizational Management – organizations use motivational theories to promote favorable working conditions at the organizational and departmental levels. Rewards – The reward system takes a lot from the expectancy theory, and helps motivating the employees to work even harder, as they see their work being appreciated. Perception of the employees – in the equity theory, it ca be learnt that employees perceive the rewards given to them in exchange of the work that they need to do. When the perception and actual incentive matches, the employee gets motivated to perform better in the future (Robbins and Judge, 2008). Productivity – a lot of company incorporate goal setting as a fine tool to increase the productivity level of the employees. Task-4 4. Understand mechanisms for developing effective teamwork in organizations 4.1. Explain the nature of groups and group behavior within organizations. A group may be defined as a collection of individuals who have similar aims and are set to achieve the same goal. Groups are mainly of two types: Formal Groups – these groups are designed by companies, and each group is assigned different and specific tasks. Informal groups – these are groups formed by individuals themselves. Hence, they are not properly arranged, and not at all structured (Butler 1986). Groups are formed over a series of steps. They are: Forming – the initial stage of group formation. In this stage, the resources and other details required to form the group are procured. Storming – much like ‘brain storming’, in this stage, the individuals in each group challenge and try to find answers. Conflicts are common in this stage. Norming – in this stage, all conflicts are resolved, as the answers to the questions asked by the members are found. Performing – in this stage, coordination, and team work starts taking place between the different team members, and they start becoming a single unit. 4.2. Factors that may promote the development of effective teamwork in organizations The factors that can improve teamwork are: Good leadership – A good leader ca motivate his men in performing better and reaching greater heights. Hence, leadership is a factor that should never be underestimated. Leaders are adept in different theories and motivational methods, and the best leaders are those who can take spontaneous decisions (Parker, 2000).. Diversity – good teamwork develops as and when the members embrace diversity in terms of age, sex, religion and culture. Communication – if communication is strong among all the team members, everyone will be on the same page, and will also be equally informed. Great communication is the key to effective team building. Team Building Exercises – proper training is to provided for effective team building; and the training is to provided with the help of professionals who can indulge the team in proper drills and exercises. 4.3. Impact of technology on team functioning within TESCOS in Ireland. In the modern era, no organization can work without upgrading to the latest technological trends. Technology not only makes sure that the employees have to work less, but also ensures that the results are always accurate, and there is no repetition of jobs. While emails can help the employees to communicate with themselves and the third parties, devises like the Blackberry and Smart phones enable them to properly communicate. Teleconferencing allows the team to communicate over distances effectively without being physically present there. And of course, computers are, the more advanced, the better. Not only TISCOS, but every company these days understand of the important role that technology plays, and hence have started to upgrade to the latest technological updates. References Antonakis, J., Cianciolo, A. T. and Sternberg, R. J., 2004. The Nature of Leadership. New York: Sage Publications, Inc. Butler Jr., J.K., 1986. A global view of informal organization. Academy of Management Journal, 51, 3, 39-43. Harris, S. G., 1994. Organizational Culture and Individual Sensemaking: A Schema-Based Perspective. Organization Science, Vol. 5,(3): pp. 309–321. Maccoby, M., 1998. Why Work: Motivating and Leading the New Generation. New York: Simon & Schuster. Parker, M., 2000. Organizational Culture and Identity. London: Sage. Robbins, S. and Judge, T., 2008. Essentials of Organizational Behavior. 9thEd, New Jersey: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Sapru, R.K., 2008. Administrative Theories and Management Thought. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, p 276 Tittemore, J. A., 2003. Leadership at all Levels. Canada: Boskwa Publishing.

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Personal Learning Profile of a Student - Essay Example Before carrying out the assessment, I had a different version of my profile. However, after the entire analysis, I found out that I have a very different kind of personal learning profile than what I had taken it to be. One of the beliefs I had in myself before this course is listening skills. All along, I had assumed that I possess excellent listening skills. I thought that it is my good communication skills that have put in the right path for establishing good interpersonal relations with my colleagues, teachers, parents and anyone else with whom I have been interacting on my day to day basis. It was not so, I would not have learned to communicate with them (Knapp & Daly, 2002). After all, I was once taught that no one can listen to you if you do not lend them your ears. The other thing I knew about myself is that I am a good time manager. This is another trait that in my opinion, I believed would make me be a good student. Time is a very important resource that should be properly managed at all times. Being that I would adhere to the school routine and accomplish all my tasks in time, I thought that I was a good time manager. Since I joined this institution, I had never had cases of absenteeism or lateness. Meaning, rather than being punctual in all my activities, I have never skipped classes. The daily attendance of all my classes made me excel in my curricular and extra-curricular activities. At the same time, being organized gave me enough time to use for accomplishing all my activities. Thus, I could describe myself as a responsible student who had excellent time management and interpersonal skills. Meanwhile, I had taken myself as an honest student who has been so sincere in most of my deals. As a religious person, I always believe that I should be truthful at all times.

External vs. Internal Recruitment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

External vs. Internal Recruitment - Essay Example Recruitment refers to the process of locating potential applicants and encouraging them to apply for the anticipated or existing job openings. In simple words recruitment strategies are adopted with the purpose of creating a group of qualified, experienced and skilled people beforehand so that selection processes becomes easier and effective. In other words, recruitment is all about finding the right people in the right place at the right time with the right price. The entire recruitment process involves five key steps. These are preparing, selecting the recruiter, sourcing the candidates, taking legislative aspects into consideration and selecting the methods to be applied. The preparation process involves deciding on the various alternatives of recruitments. Sourcing of candidates might be done through consultants, the internet, and advertising. Each and every recruitment exercise can be considered as an opportunity of analyzing the job, updating person specification and describing the job. The main objective of any recruitment process is to ensure the presence of adequate and effective staffs in the organization. To guarantee this, appropriate people must be made aware of the existing job opportunities and efforts must be taken to make sure to these vacancies are properly filled. There are internal recruitment and external recruitment. Between the two the one that would be chosen depends on human resource policies, organizational strategies, financial condition and employee morale.

Dietary Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Research Paper

Dietary Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - Research Paper Example Insulin resistance is relative, however, since supernormal levels of circulating insulin will normalize the plasma glucose. Insulin resistance impairs glucose utilization by insulin-sensitive tissues and increases hepatic glucose output; both effects contribute to the hyperglycemia. Increased hepatic glucose output predominantly accounts for increased FPG levels, whereas decreased peripheral glucose usage results in postprandial hyperglycemia. In skeletal muscle, there is a greater impairment in nonoxidative glucose usage than in oxidative glucose metabolism through glycolysis (Dyson 2002). Glucose metabolism in insulin-independent tissues is not altered in type 2 DM. Another emerging theory proposes that elevated levels of free fatty acids, a common feature of obesity, may contribute to the pathogenesis of type 2 DM. Free fatty acids can impair glucose utilization in skeletal muscle, promote glucose production by the liver, and impair beta cell function. Insulin secretion and sensitivity are interrelated. In type 2 DM, insulin secretion initially increases in response to insulin resistance to maintain normal glucose tolerance. There seems to be little doubt that diet plays a significant role in the development of type 2 diabetes. However, it has been remarkably difficult to pin down the precise dietary constituents that are the key players. The increased risk of diabetes with increasing intake of total fat has been reported (Pullen 2000). Therefore, in addition to other modalities of management, the current approach recommends dietary management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the practice approaches are not clear and have not been distinctly enumerated, and there are different opinions regarding this. This dictates the need for evidence for implementing these evidences in practice (Cheyette 2005). Evidence is better available from research, and therefore, in this assignment, evidence from research will be sought through review of relevant literature. Consequently, a keyword based literature search was conducted, and the evidence of findings from this sorted literature from studies will be presented here in a systematic manner. Review of Literature Link (1999) indicated that of all possible dietary modifications, dietary management directed towards weight loss is the best documented intervention. He reports the findings from a number of trials where hypocaloric diets have been shown to substantially reduce blood glucose in the affected individuals, although the effect of weight loss may be a contributory factor. Temporary effects of caloric deprivation have also been considered in control of blood glucose levels. With a very low caloric diet of worth 330 calories per day for a period of 40 days has been reported to be causing a decrease in the level of blood glucose from 297 to 158 mg/dL. It is important to note that although most of the weight loss occurred in the last 30 days, 87% of the reduction of blood glucose would occur within the first 10 days of this dietary management. However, with the resumption of isocaloric feeding, the glucose gain would not persist, but the weight loss would be preserved indicating positive eff ects on control of

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Effective team performance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

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Masraf Al-Rayan - Essay Example Masraf Al-Rayan is an Islamic banking that is concerned with financing, investing and other activities like brokerage. The bank is based in Qatar, and it is an international firm. The business model of the company is that it operates in corporate banking, retail banking and lastly through asset management. The corporate banking involves corporate finance and other advisory services that are needed by the customers. In corporate banking, the management is concerned with how capital is restructured, capital raising and valuation of the customers when they need loans to expand their businesses as well as mergers and acquisition. Additionally, it is also concerned with specialized investments and project finance among others. The next business model is the retail banking that ensures that the bank considers current savings and the customer deposits accounts. The retail banking also plays a significant role in ensuring that it is financing the credit card for the customers, checking the kids account and ensuring that it is updated to the month the customers have paid (Mishkin and Eakins, 2009). It also ensures that the pay and the prepaid cards are financed fully so that customer complaints are reduced and ensure efficiency in the company. It plays a critical role in ensuring that private banking products and services are offered to the customers. The last business model is the asset management for the customers and the bank assets that they have been acquired through credit or buying cash. It also ensures that cash management is controlled so that customers can get the capital any time that is required as long it is business working hours. Business planning and financing is the role of the asset management department. The aim of the department is to carry valuation and then fund the business so that the bank and customers can gain from those investments. The financial brokerage makes it possible for the bank to buy real estates and later sell them to the customers

McDonalds Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability Research Paper

McDonalds Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability - Research Paper Example The company provides food for the public and tries to fulfill this service in an ethical way that takes socially and environmentally friendly approaches. The firm’s core values are to provide nutritional wellbeing, environmental responsibility, create a sustainable food supply chain, provide employment and contribute positively to the community. The main aim from each of these values is to provide quality services at each stage of production. The company provides fresh food, using ethical means and productive partnerships (â€Å"Social Responsibility†). The company has also provided employment for individuals in 117 countries in the world. This reduces the unemployment rate and improves people’s living conditions in the community. The company’s menu caters for approximately 1,900 customers in different restaurants across the country (â€Å"Social Responsibility†). McDonalds is one of the most successful businesses in the world. It is the most popular foodservice provider in the world and has one of the highest returns on the stock market (Singh). The company has a good reputation and tries to maintain this by listening to the customer’s needs and catering for them in every way possible. The company is committed to the community and the customers and puts their needs first. Each year the company aims to enhance its sustainability efforts. The stakeholders in the company implement the best possible strategies, with the aim of finding new opportunities and setting new targets to advance and improve the company. The company has implemented numerous sustainability programs and policies. The company has tried to work together with partners at different stages of food production to improve the conditions of the employees. In 2007 Mc Donald’s set a goal and implemented measures to improve the working conditions of employees in the Florida Tomato industry. The company only

Pans Labrynth Newspaper Article Essay Example for Free

Pans Labrynth Newspaper Article Essay Yesterday night, police took in 13 suspects who could have been related to the brutal murder of a child. A young female, roughly aged 8 10 years was found murdered outside the famous Labyrinth, El laberinto del fauno. Police have asked around the local area of Bilbao, but have asked the townspeople to come forward, as they might hold the vital information of this case. Policà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a Juan Marà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½gon states that We want to finish this case within 4 6 weeks, we need the key to solving this murder, but someone out there holds it, not us. Police have told the public, with help from the forensics, they have found fingerprints of the future suspects. The 13 men who are kept in for indepent interviews Have released information about who they are and that they are part of the Spanish Maquis guerrillas. The man and his sister have also revealed a quote from behalf of both of them; We knew the girl, she was very close to us both. Once alone, the woman said The girl was like my own daughter. I used to look after her as my own. I hope the police find out who done such a thing. Later on, Detective Felipà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Romerez revealed the names of the woman and her brother. The woman, Mercedes Julientos, and her brother, Frederico Julientos are both suspects themselves. Whilst on the crime scene, forensics had discovered another body, one of a man, who is seemed to be aged 40 or over. During each interview, Mercedes and Frederico have both denied seeing a man at the time of the killing. At the time of the police arriving, Mercedes was holding a very young baby, who forensics say, after eximaning the body of the male, could be related to the male. The 13 suspects, along with Mercedes Julientos, and her brother, Frederico Julientos are all going under for custody of the police. They all will later be taken to court to be proven innocent or guilty. A later date wil be published for the court hearing. If more than 8 of the suspects are found guilty, each could be facing a minimum of 7 years in jail. Other suspects that have been interviewed and released on bail are many who were at the crime scene. 2 of the 13 main suspects have tried to escape, but the cheif of the Spanish police caught both red handed. They have been told that their stunt could effect their hearing and their trial. Police and forensics have partially identified the body as Ophelia Llimero, aged 8. The brother of Ophelia Llimero, is now left orphan, but will be staying with Mercedes Julientos for the time being. Sailinda Hugamos, the neighbour of Videl Llimero, said Ophelia and I were so close. She used to come to my house everyday to eat my homemade famous Salsa. My husband and I will be extremely devestated. The area around the great big fig tree in El laberinto del fauno will be closed off until forensics have fully analysed the whole area, and until further notice. All of the area has been closed off to local people and tourists. Dates for the hearings for the 13 suspects, excluding Mercedes Julientos, and her brother, Frederico Julientos are yet to be decided.